Designing the Network's Layout

The term topology, or more specifically, network topology, refers to the arrangement or physical layout of computers, cables, and other components on the network.

A network's topology affects its capabilities. Choosing one topology over the other can impact the:

• Type of equipment the network needs.
• Capabilities of the equipment.
• Network's growth.
• Way a network is managed.

A network's topology implies a number of conditions. For example, a particular topology can determine not only the type of cable used but how the cable is run through floors, ceilings and walls. Topology can also determine how computers communicate on the network. Different topologies require different communication methods, and these methods have a great influence on the network.

The type of network you install will depend on a number of factors, including the:

• Network budget
• Network size
• Level of security required
• Physical layout
• Type of business
• Amount of network traffic

Components of a Network

The following are the components and features that all networks have in common:

• Servers - Computers that provide shared resources to network users.
• Clients - Computers that access shared network resources provided by a server.
• Media - The way in which the computers are connected.
• Resources - Files, printers or other items to be used by network users.

Even with these shared components, networks can be divided into two broad categories:

• Server-Based networks
• Peer-to-Peer networks

Server-Based Networks

Most networks have a dedicated server. A dedicated server is a computer on a network that functions as a server, and is not used as a client or a workstation. A dedicated server is optimized to service requests from network clients.

Servers perform a wide variety of tasks. Usually, large networks have specialized servers for different tasks. Examples of specialized servers are:

• File and print servers - manage user access and use of file and printer resources.
• Application servers - make the data on the server available to clients.
• Mail servers - manage electronic messaging between network users.
• Communication servers - handle data flow and E-mail messages.

Peer-to-Peer Networks

In a peer-to-peer network, there are no dedicated servers. All the computers are equal and, therefore, are termed as peers. Normally, each computer functions as both a client and a server.

A peer-to-peer network has the advantage of simplicity in design and maintenance. It is usually less expensive to set up as compared to server-based networks. Peer-to-peer networks are also called workgroups. The term workgroup implies a small group of users.

Peer-to-peer networks are suitable for environments where:

• There are limited users (usually 10 or less).
• The users are located in the same area.
• Security is not an important issue.
• The organization and the network have limited growth.
• Users need to freely access data and programs that reside on other computers across the network

In a peer-to-peer network, there is no one assigned to be an administrator responsible for the entire network. Users administer their own computers. All users can share any of their resources.

Note: Network administration involves tasks like managing users and security, making resource available, installing and upgrading software.

Comparison between Peer-to-peer and Server-based Networks

Summarizes the features of peer-to-peer and server-based networks:

Feature	Peer-to-peer Network	Server-based Network
Size	Good for up to 10 users	Limited only by server and network hardware
Security	Users are responsible for their own security	Offers extensive user security
Administration	Is administered by the user of each computer	Is centrally administered